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Braindumps for "70-306" Exam

Great collection in ITCertkeys

 Question 1.
As a developer at XYZ you develop a new sales analysis application that reuses existing data access components. One of these components returns a DataSet object that contains the data for all customer orders for the previous year.

You want your application to display orders for individual product numbers. Users will specify the appropriate product numbers at run time.

What should you do?

A. Use the DataSet.Reset method.
B. Set the RowFilter property of the DataSet object by using a filter expression.
C. Create a DataView object and set the RowFilter property by using a filter expression.
D. Create a DataView object and set the RowStateFilter property by using a filter expression.

Answer:  C

Explanation: 
You filter data by setting the RowFilter property. The RowFilter property takes a String that can evaluate to an expression to be used for selecting records. RowFilter is a property of the DataView object.

Option A:
The DataSet-Reset method resets the DataSet to its original state.

Option B:
RowFilter is not a property of the DataSet object.

Option D:
The RowStateFilter property is used to filter based on a version or state of a record. Filter expressions cannot be used on RowStateFilters. The RowStates are Added, CurrentRows, Deleted, ModifiedCurrent, ModifiedOriginal, None, OriginalRows, and Unchanged.

Question 2.
You use Visual Studio .NET to create an application for 100 users for the XYZ support department.

The users run a variety of operating systems on a variety of hardware. You plan to create a distribution package for your application.
Your application includes several Windows Forms with many controls on each. You must ensure that the Windows Forms will launch as quickly as possible on client computers. You must not adversely affect the functionality of the application.

What should you do?

A. 	Set the Compression property of the setup project to Optimized for Speed.
	Then build your distribution package.
B. 	For each Windows Form in your application, set the CausesValidation property to False.
C. 	Use the Native Image Generator (Ngen.exe) to precompile your application.
	Add the precompiled application to your distribution package.
D. 	Add a custom action to your setup project to precompile your application during installation.

Answer:  D

Question 3.
You develop a Windows-based application. The application uses a DataSet object that contains two DataTable objects. The application will display data from the two data tables. One table contains customer information, which must be displayed in a data-bound ListBox control. The other table contains order information, which must be displayed in a DataGrid control.
You need to modify your application to enable the list box functionality. What should you do?

A. Use the DataSet.Merge method.
B. Define primary keys for the DataTable objects.
C. Create a foreign key constraint on the DataSet object.
D. Add a DataRelation object to the Relation collection of the DataSet object.

Answer:  D

Explanation: 
You can use a DataRelation to retrieve parent and child rows. Related rows are retrieved by calling the GetChildRows or GetParentRow methods of a DataRow.

A DataRelation object represents a relationship between two columns of data in different tables. The DataRelation objects of a particular DataSet are contained in the Relations property of the DataSet. A DataRelation is created by specifying the name of the DataRelation, the parent column, and the child column.

Option A: 
The Merge method is used to merge two DataSet objects that have largely similar schemas. A merge does not meet the requirements of the scenario however.

Option B: 
Primary keys would not help relating the DateTable objects.

Option C:
Foreign key constraints put restrictions on the data in two different tables. However, it would not help in retrieving related records.

Reference:
70-306/70-316 Training kit, Retrieving Related Records, Page 286

Question 4.
You use Visual Studio .NET to develop a Windows-based application that contains a single form. This form contains a Label control named labelEXValue and a TextBox control named textEXValue.

labelEXValue displays a caption that identifies the purpose of textEXValue.
You want to write code that enables users to place focus in textEXValue when they press ALT+V. This key combination should be identified to users in the display of labelEXValue.

Which three actions should you take? 
(Each correct Answer presents part of the solution. Choose three)

A. 	Set labelEXValue.UseMnemonic to True.
B. 	Set labelEXValue.Text to “&Value”.
C. 	Set labelEXValue.CausesValidation to True.
D. 	Set textEXValue.CausesValidation to True.
E. 	Set textEXValue.TabIndex to exactly one number less than labelValue.TabIndex.
F. 	Set textEXValue.TabIndex to exactly one number more than labelValue.TabIndex.
G. 	Set textEXValue.Location so that textValue overlaps with labelValue on the screen.
H. 	Add the following code to the Load event of MainForm:
	text.Value.Controls.Add (labelValue);

Answer:  A, B & F

Explanation: 
If the UseMnemonic property is set to true (A) and a mnemonic character (a character preceded by the ampersand) is defined in the Text property of the Label (B), pressing ALT+ the mnemonic character sets the focus to the control that follows the Label in the tab order (F). You can use this property to provide proper keyboard navigation to the controls on your form.

The UseMnemonic property gets or sets a value indicating whether the control interprets an ampersand character (&) in the control's Text property to be an access key prefix character. UseMnemonic is set to True by default.

As a practice verify the Answer yourself.

Option C, D:
The CausesValidation setting has no effect in this scenario.

Option E:
The Text control must use a tabindex that is the successor to the tabindex of the label control.

Option G, H:
This is not necessary. It has no effect here.

Question 5.
You develop a Windows-based application. Its users will view and edit employee attendance data. The application uses a DataSet object named customDataSet to maintain the data while users are working with it.

After a user edits data, business rule validation must be performed by a middle-tier component named myComponent. You must ensure that your application sends only edited data rows from customDataSet to myComponent.
Which code segment should you use?

A. 	Dim changeDataSet As New DataSet 
	If customDataSet.HasChanges _ 
	Then myComponent.Validate(changeDataSet) 
B. 	Dim changeDataSet As New DataSet 
	If customDataSet.HasChanges _ 
	Then myComponent.Validate(customDataSet).
C. 	Dim changeDataSet AS DataSet = customDataSet.GetChanges() 	myComponent.Validate(changeDataSet) 
D. 	Dim changeDataSet As DataSet = customDataSet.GetChanges() 	myComponent.Validate(customDataSet)

Answer:  C

Explanation: 
DataSet.GetChanges method gets a copy of the DataSet containing all changes made to it since it was last loaded, or since AcceptChanges was called. It is used to create a second DataSet that features only the changes to the data.

We then validate the changes, the changedDataSet.

Option A, B: 
We should create a dataset which contains only the changes.

Option D:
We should validate only the changes, not the whole dataset customerDataSet.

Question 6.
You develop a Windows-based application XYZApp that includes several menus. Every top-level menu contains several menu items, and certain menus contain items that are mutually exclusive. You decide to distinguish the single most important item in each menu by changing its caption text to bold type. 

What should you do?

A. Set the DefaultItem property to True.
B. Set the Text property to “True”.
C. Set the Checked property to True.
D. Set the OwnerDraw property to True.
Answer:  A
Explanation: 
Gets or sets a value indicating whether the menu item is the default menu item. The default menu item for a menu is boldfaced.

Option B:
The Text property contains the text that is associated with the control. We cannot format this text by HTML-like tags in the text.

Option C:
We don’t want the menu-item to be selected, just bold.

Option D:
When the OwnerDraw property is set to true, you need to handle all drawing of the menu item. You can use this capability to create your own special menu displays.

Reference:
.NET Framework Class Library, MenuItem.DefaultItem Property [Visual Basic]

Question 7.
You use Visual Studio .NET to create a Windows-based application for online gaming. Each user will run the client version of the application on his or her local computer. In the game, each user controls two groups of soldiers, Group 1 and group 2.
You create a top-level menu item whose caption is Groups. Under this menu, you create two submenus.

One is named group1Submenu, and its caption is Group 1. The other is named group2Submenu, and its caption is Group2. When the user selects the Groups menu. The two submenus will be displayed. The user can select only one group of soldiers at a time.

You must ensure that a group can be selected either by clicking the appropriate submenu item or by holding down the ALT key and pressing 1 or 2. You must also ensure that the group currently select will be indicated by a dot next to the corresponding submenu item. You do not want to change the caption text of any of your menu items.

Which for actions should you take? 
(Each correct Answer presents part of the solution. Choose four)

A. 	Set group1Submenu.Text to "Group &1".
	Set group2Submenu.Text to "Group &2".
B. 	Set Group1.ShortCut to "ALT1".
	Set Group2.ShortCut to "ALT2".
C. 	In the group1Submenu.Click event, place the following code segment:
	group1Submenu.DefaultItem = True 
	In the group2Submenu.Click event, place the following code segment:
	group2Submenu.DefaultItem = True 
D. 	In the group1Submenu.Click event, place the following code segment:
	group2Submenu.DefaultItem = False 
	In the group2Submenu.Click event, place the following code segment:
	group1Submenu.DefaultItem = False 
E. 	In the group1Submenu.Click event, place the following code segment:
	group1Submenu.Checked = True 
	In the group2Submenu.Click event, place the following code segment:
	group2Submenu.Checked = True 
F. 	In the group1Submenu.Click event, place the following code segment:
	group2Submenu.Checked = False 
	In the group2Submenu.Click event, place the following code segment:
	group1Submenu.Checked = False 
G. 	Set group1Submenu.RadioCheck to True.
	Set group2Submenu.RadioCheck to True.
H. 	Set group1Submeny.RadioCheck to False.
	Set group2Submenu.RadioCheck to False.

Answer:  B, E, F, G

Explanation:
B: Simply set the Group1.Shortcut to appropriate value.
E, F: The menu item's Checked property is either true or false, and indicates whether the menu item is selected.
We should set the clicked Submenu Checked property to True, and the other Submenu Checked property to False.
G: The menu item's Radio Check property customizes the appearance of the selected item: if Radio Check is set to true, a radio button appears next to the item;

Incorrect Answers:
A: You do not want to change the caption text of any of your menu items.
C, D: We are not interested in defining default items. We want to mark items as checked.
H: The Radio Check property must be set to True for both menu items.

Reference:
Visual Basic and Visual C# Concepts, Adding Menu Enhancements to Windows Forms Visual Basic and Visual 
C# Concepts, Introduction to the Windows Forms Main Menu Component

Question 8.
You use Visual Studio .NET to create a Windows-based application for XYZ Inc. The application includes a form that contains several controls, including a button named exitButton. After you finish designing the form, you select all controls and then select Lock Controls from the Format menu.

Later, you discover that exitButton is too small. You need to enlarge its vertical dimension with the least possible effort, and without disrupting the other controls.
First you select exitButton in the Windows Forms Designer. What should you do next?

A. 	Set the Locked property to False.
	Set the Size property to the required size.
	Set the Locked property to True.
B. 	Set the Locked property to False.
	Use the mouse to resize the control.
	Set the Locked property to True.
C. 	Set the Size property to the required size.
D. 	Use the mouse to resize the control.

Answer:  C

Question 9.
You use Visual Studio .NET to create a form that includes a submenu item named helpEXOption. In the Click event handler for helpEXOption, you write code to open a Web browser loaded with a context-sensitive Help file.

You add a ContextMenu item named ContextMenu1 to the form. ContextMenu1 will be used for all controls on the form.

Now you need to add code to the Popup event handler for ContextMenu1. Your code will create a popup menu that offers the same functionality as helpEXOption. You want to use the minimum amount of code to accomplish this goal.

Which two code segments should you use? 
(Each correct Answer presents part of the solution. Choose two)

A. 	ContextMenu1.MenuItems.Clear() 
B. 	ContextMenu1.MenuItems.Add(“&Display Help”) 
C. 	ContextMenu1.MenuItems.Add(helpEXOption.CloneMenu() 
D. 	ContextMenu1.MenuItems[0].Click += new 
	System.EventHandler(helpEXOption_Click) 
E. 	ContextMenu1.Popup += new System.EventHandler(helpEXOption_Click)

Answer:  A & C

Question 10.
You develop a kiosk application that enables users to register for an e-mail account in the XYZ.com domain. Your application contains two TextBox controls named textName and textEmail.

Your application is designed to supply the value of textEmail automatically. When a user enters a name in the textName, an e-mail address is automatically assigned and entered in textEmail. The ReadOnly property of textEmail is set to True.
Your database will store each user’s name. It can hold a maximum of 100 characters for each name.

However, the database can hold a maximum of only 34 characters for each e-mail address. This limitation allows 14 characters for your domain, @proseware.com, and 20 additional characters for the user’s name.

If a user enters a name longer than 20 characters, the resulting e-mail address will contain more characters that the database allows.
You cannot many any changes to the database schema.
You enter the following in the Leave event handler of textName:
textEmail.Text = textName.Replace(“ “,”.”) ? 
“@XYZ.com”;.

Now you must ensure that the automatic e-mail address is no longer than 34 characters. You want to accomplish this goal by writing the minimum amount of code and without affecting other fields in the database.

What should you do?

A. 	Set the textName.Size property to “1,20”.
B. 	Set the textEmail.Size property to “1,34”.
C. 	Set the textName.AutoSize property to True.
D. 	Set the textEmail.AutoSize property to True.
E. 	Set the textName.MaxLenght property to 20.
F.   Set the textEmail.MaxLenght property to 34.
G. 	Change the code in textName_Leave to ensure that only the first 20 characters of textName.Text are used.
H. 	Use an ErrorProvider control to prompt a revision if a user enters a name longer than 20 characters.

Answer:  G

Question 11.
You use Visual Studio .NET to develop a Windows-based application that will manager vendor contracts.

You create a DataSet object, along with its associated DataTable object and DataView object. 

The DataSet object contains all data available for a single contract. This data is displayed in a DataGrid control. After all parties sign a contract, the value in a field named ContractEXApproved is set to True.

Business rules prohibit changes to database information about a contract when the ContractEXApproved value associated with the contract is true.
You must ensure that this business rule is enforces by your application code.
What should you do?

A. Set the AllowNew property of the DataSet object to False.
B. Set the AllowEdit property of the DataView object to False.
C. Call the EndEdit method of the DataTable object.
D. Call the EndEdit method of the DataRow object.

Answer:  B

Question 12.
As a software developer at XYZ you use Visual Studio .NET to create a Windows-based application.

The application enables users to update customer information that is stored in a database.
Your application contains several text boxes. All TextBox controls are validated as soon as focus is transferred to another control. However, your validation code does not function as expected. To debug the application, you place the following line of code in the Enter event handler for the first text box:

Trace.WriteLine (“Enter”)

You repeat the process for the Leave, Validated, Validating, and TextChanged events. In each event, the text is displayed in the output window contains the name of the event being handled.
You run the application and enter a value in the first TextBox control. Then you change focus to another control to force the validation routines to run. Which code segment will be displayed in the Visual Studio .NET output windows?

A. Enter Validating TextChanged Leave Validated 
B. Enter TextChanged Leave Validating Validated 
C. Enter Validating Validated TextChanged Leave 
D. Enter TextChanged Validating Validated Leave 
E. Enter Validating TextChanged Validated Leave

Answer:  B

Question 13.
You use Visual Studio .NET to develop a Windows-based application. Your application includes a form named XYZInformationForm, which enables users to edit information stored in a database. All user changes to this information must be saved in the database.

You need to write code that will prevent XYZInformationForm from closing if any database changes are left unsaved. What should you do?.

A.	Include Me.Activate in the Closing event handler of XYZInformationForm.
B.	Include Me.Activate in the Closed event handler of XYZInformationForm.
C.	Include Me.Activate in the Leave event handler of XYZInformationForm.
D.	Change a property of the System.ComponentModel.CancelEventArgs parameter in the Closing event handler of XYZInformationForm.
E.	Change a property of the System.EventArgs parameter in the Closed event handler of XYZInformationForm.
F.	Change a property of the System.EventArgs parameter in the Leave event handler of XYZInformationForm.

Answer:  D

Explanation: 
The CancelEventArgs Class Provides data for a cancelable event. A cancelable event is raised by a component when it is about to perform an action that can be canceled, such as the Closing event of a Form.

Option A:
A closing event of a form cannot be cancelled with a this.activate statement.

Option B:
It is too late when the Closed event occurs.

Option C:
A form is not closing, just losing focus, when the Leave event occurs.

Option E:
It is too late when the Closed event occurs.

Option F:
A form is not closing, just losing focus, when the Leave event occurs.

Reference:
NET Framework Class Library, CancelEventArgs Class [Visual Basic]
Visual Studio, Activate Method (General Extensibility) [Visual Basic]

Question 14.
You create a Windows Form named XYZForm. The form enables users to maintain database records in a table named XYZ.
You need to add several pairs of controls to XYZForm. You must fulfill the following requirements:

• Each pair of controls must represent one column in the XYZ table.
• Each pair must consist of a TextBox control and a Label control.
• The LostFocus event of each TextBox control must call a procedure named UpdateDatabase.
• Additional forms similar to XYZForm must be created for other tables in the database.
• Application performance must be optimized.
• The amount of necessary code must be minimized.

What should you do?

A. 	Create and select a TextBox control and a Label control.
	Write the appropriate code in the LostFocus event of the TextBox control.
	Repeatedly copy and paste the controls into XYZForm until every column in the XYZ table has a pair of controls.
	Repeat this process for the other forms.
B. 	Add a TextBox control and a Label controls to XYZForm.
	Write the appropriate code in the LostFocus event of the TextBox control.
	Create a control array form the TextBox control and the Label control.
	At run time, add additional pairs of controls to the control array until every column in the XYZ table has a pair of controls.
	Repeat this process for the other forms.
C. 	Create a new user control that includes a TextBox control and a Label control.
	Write the appropriate code in the LostFocus event of the TextBox control.
	For each column in the XYZ table, add one instance of the user control to the XYZForm.
	Repeat this process for the other forms.
D. 	Create a new ActiveX control that includes a TextBox control and a Label control.
	For each column in the XYZ table, add one instance of the ActiveX control to XYZForm.
	Repeat this process for the other forms.

Answer:  C

Explanation: 
We combine multiple Windows Form controls into a single control, called user control. This is the most efficient solution to reuse functionality in this scenario.

Sometimes, a single control does not contain all of the functionality you need. For instance, you might want a control that you can bind to a data source to display a first name, last name, and phone number, each in a separate TextBox. Although it is possible to implement this logic on the form itself, it might be more efficient to create a single control that contains multiple text boxes, especially if this configuration is needed in many different applications. Controls that contain multiple Windows Forms controls bound together as a single unit are called user controls.

Option A:
Only the controls, not the code of the control will be copied.

Option B:
This is not the best solution. With a user control we could avoid writing code that are executed at run time.

Option D:
ActiveX controls should be avoided in Visual Studio .NET. They are less efficient.

Reference:
70-306/70-316 Training kit, Inheriting from UserControl, Page 345

Question 15.
You use Visual Studio .NET to develop a Windows-based application. Your application will display customer order information from a Microsoft SQL Server database. The orders will be displayed on a Windows Form that includes a DataGrid control named XYZGrid1. XYZGrid1 is bound to a DataView object. Users will be able to edit order information directly in XYZGrid1.
You must give users the option of displaying only edited customer orders and updated values in XYZ Grid1. What should you do?

A. 	Set the RowStateFilter property of the DataView object to 	DataViewRowState.ModifiedOriginal.
B. 	Set the RowStateFilter property of the DataView object to 	DataViewRowState.ModifiedCurrent.
C. 	Set the RowFilter property of the DataView object to DataViewRowState.ModifiedOriginal.
D. 	Set the RowFilter property of the DataView object to DataViewRowState.ModifiedCurrent.

Answer:  B

Explanation: 
We must set the RowStateFilter property of the DataView to specify which version or versions of data we want to view. We should use the ModifiedCurrent. DataViewRowState which provides the modified version of original data.

Option A, C:
The ModifiedOriginal DataViewRowState is used to get the original version of the rows in the view. We are interested in the modified rows however.

Option D:
We are not applying an usual filter with the RowFilter property. We must use a RowStateFilter.

Reference:
.NET Framework Class Library, DataViewRowState Enumeration [Visual Basic]


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Braindumps for "640-816" Exam

Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2

 Question 1.
Switches ITK1 and ITK2 are connected as shown below:
 

Study the Exhibit carefully. Which ports could safely be configured with Port Fast? (Choose two)

A. Switch ITK1 - port Fa1/2
B. Switch ITK2 - port Fa1/2
C. Switch ITK1 - port Fa1/3
D. Switch ITK2 - port Fa1/3
E. Switch ITK1 - port Fa1/1
F. None of the ports should use port fast

Answer:  C, D

Explanation:
Using Port Fast:
1. Immediately brings an interface configured as an access or trunk port to the forwarding state from a blocking state, bypassing the listening and learning states
2. Normally used for single server/workstation can be enabled on a trunk
So, Port fast can only be enabled to a switch port attaching to workstation or a server.

Reference: http://www.911networks.com/node/273

Question 2,
You need to configure two ITCertKeys switches to exchange VLAN information.

Which protocol provides a method of sharing VLAN configuration information between these two switches?

A. STP
B. 802.1Q
C. VLSM
D. ISL
E. VTP
F. HSRP
G. None of the above

Answer:  E

Explanation:
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary Layer 2 messaging protocol that manages the addition, deletion, and renaming of VLANs on a network-wide basis. Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) Trunk Protocol (VTP) reduces administration in a switched network. When you configure a new VLAN on one VTP server, the VLAN is distributed through all switches in the domain. This reduces the need to configure the same VLAN everywhere. To do this VTP carries VLAN information to all the switches in a VTP domain. VTP advertisements can be sent over ISL, 802.1q, IEEE 802.10 and LANE trunks. VTP traffic is sent over the management VLAN (VLAN1), so all VLAN trunks must be configured to pass VLAN1. VTP is available on most of the Cisco Catalyst Family products.

Question 3.
ITCertKeys has implemented the use of the Virtual Trunking Protocol (VTP). 

Which statement below accurately describes a benefit of doing this?

A. VTP will allow physically redundant links while preventing switching loops
B. VTP will allow switches to share VLAN configuration information
C. VTP will allow a single port to carry information to more than one VLAN
D. VTP will allow for routing between VLANs
E. None of the above

Answer:  B

Question 4.
Two ITCertKeys switches are connected together as shown in the diagram below: 
 

Exhibit:
Based on the information shown above, what will be the result of issuing the following commands:
Switch1(config)# interface fastethernet 0/5
Switch1(config-if)# switchport mode access
Switch1(config-if)# switchport access vlan 30

A. The VLAN will be added to the database, but the VLAN information will not be passed on to 
    the Switch2 VLAN database.
B. The VLAN will be added to the database and VLAN 30 will be passed on as a VLAN to add to 
    the Switch2 VLAN database.
C. The VLAN will not be added to the database, but the VLAN 30 information will be passed on 
    as a VLAN to the Switch2 VLAN database.
D. The VLAN will not be added to the database, nor will the VLAN 30 information be passed on 
    as a VLAN to the Switch2 VLAN database.
E. None of the above

Answer:  A

Explanation:
The three VTP modes are described below:
Server: This is the default for all Catalyst switches. You need at least one server in your VTP domain to propagate VLAN information throughout the domain. The switch must be in server mode to be able to create, add, or delete VLANs in a VTP domain. You must also change VTP information in server mode, and any change you make to a switch in server mode will be advertised to the entire VTP domain.

Client: In client mode, switches receive information from VTP servers; they also send and receive updates, but they can't make any changes. Plus, none of the ports on a client switch can be added to a new VLAN before the VTP server notifies the client switch of the new VLAN. 
Here's a hint: if you want a switch to become a server, first make it a client so that it receives all the correct VLAN information, then change it to a server-much easier!
Transparent: Switches in transparent mode don't participate in the VTP domain, but they'll still forward VTP advertisements through any configured trunk links. These switches can't add and delete VLANs because they keep their own database-one they do not share with other switches. Transparent mode is really only considered locally significant.

In our example, the switch is configured for transparent mode. In transparent mode the local VLAN information can be created but that VLAN information will not be advertised to the other switch.

Question 5.
A ITCertKeys switch is configured with all ports assigned to VLAN 2. In addition, all ports are configured as full-duplex FastEthernet. 

What is the effect of adding switch ports to a new VLAN on this switch?

A. The additions will create more collisions domains.
B. IP address utilization will be more efficient.
C. More bandwidth will be required than was needed previously.
D. An additional broadcast domain will be created.
E. The possibility that switching loops will occur will increase dramatically.

Answer:  D

Explanation:
A VLAN is a group of hosts with a common set of requirements that communicate as if they were attached to the same wire, regardless of their physical location. A VLAN has the same attributes as a physical LAN, but it allows for end stations to be grouped together even if they are not located on the same LAN segment. Networks that use the campus-wide or end-to-end VLANs logically segment a switched network based on the functions of an organization, project teams, or applications rather than on a physical or geographical basis. For example, all workstations and servers used by a particular workgroup can be connected to the same VLAN, regardless of their physical network connections or interaction with other workgroups. 

Network reconfiguration can be done through software instead of physically relocating devices. Cisco recommends the use of local or geographic VLANs that segment the network based on IP subnets. Each wiring closet switch is on its own VLAN or subnet and traffic between each switch is routed by the router. The reasons for the Distribution Layer 3 switch and examples of a larger network using both the campus-wide and local VLAN models will be discussed later. A VLAN can be thought of as a broadcast domain that exists within a defined set of switches. Ports on a switch can be grouped into VLANs in order to limit unicast, multicast, and broadcast traffic flooding. Flooded traffic originating from a particular VLAN is only flooded out ports belonging to that VLAN, including trunk ports, so a switch that connects to another switch will normally introduce an additional broadcast domain.

Question 6.
A new switch is installed in the ITCertKeys network. This switch is to be configured so that VLAN information will be automatically distributed to all the other Cisco Catalyst switches in the network.

Which of the conditions below have to be met in order for this to occur? (Choose all that apply).

A. The switch that will share the VLAN information must be in the VTP Server mode.
B. The switches must be in the same VTP domain.
C. The switch that will share the VLAN information must be configured as the root bridge.
D. The switches must be configured to use the same VTP version.
E. The switches must be configured to use the same STP version.
F. The switches must be configured to use the same type of ID tagging.
G. The switches must be connected over VLAN trunks.

Answer:  A, B, F, G

Explanation:
For the VLAN information to pass automatically throughout the network, VTP must be set up correctly. In order for VTP to work, a VTP server is needed, the VLAN's must be in the same VTP domain, and the encapsulation on each end of the trunk must both set to either 802.1Q or ISL.

Incorrect Answers:
C. Root bridges and other functions of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) have no impact of the VTP configuration.
D, E. There is only one version of VTP and STP.

Question 7.
A network administrator needs to force a high-performance switch that is located in the MDF to become the root bridge for a redundant path switched network. 

What can be done to ensure that this switch assumes the role of the Root Bridge?

A. Configure the switch so that it has a lower priority than other switches in the network.
B. Assign the switch a higher MAC address than the other switches in the network have.
C. Configure the switch for full-duplex operation and configure the other switches for half-duplex 
    operation.
D. Connect the switch directly to the MDF router, which will force the switch to assume the role of 
    root bridge.
E. Establish a direct link from the switch to all other switches in the network.
F. None of the above

Answer:  A

Explanation:
For all switches in a network to agree on a loop-free topology, a common frame of reference must exist. This reference point is called the Root Bridge. The Root Bridge is chosen by an election process among all connected switches. Each switch has a unique Bridge ID (also known as the bridge priority) that it uses to identify itself to other switches. The Bridge ID is an 8-byte value. 2 bytes of the Bridge ID is used for a Bridge Priority field, which is the priority or weight of a switch in relation to all other switches. The other 6 bytes of the Bridge ID is used for the MAC Address field, which can come from the Supervisor module, the backplane, or a pool of 1024 addresses that are assigned to every Supervisor or backplane depending on the switch model. This address is hardcoded, unique, and cannot be changed.

The election process begins with every switch sending out BPDUs with a Root Bridge ID equal to its own Bridge ID as well as a Sender Bridge ID. The latter is used to identify the source of the BPDU message. Received BPDU messages are analyzed for a lower Root Bridge ID value. If the BPDU message has a Root Bridge ID (priority) of the lower value than the switch's own Root Bridge ID, it replaces its own Root Bridge ID with the Root Bridge ID announced in the BPDU. If two Bridge Priority values are equal, then the lower MAC address takes preference.

Question 8.
Which of the protocols below, operates at Layer 2 of the OSI model, and is used to maintain a loop-free network?

A. RIP
B. STP
C. IGRP
D. CDP
E. VTP
F. None of the above

Answer:  B

Explanation:
STP (spanning tree protocol) operates on layer 2 to prevent loops in switches and bridges.

Incorrect Answers:
A, C. RIP and IGRP are routing protocols, which are used at layer 3 to maintain a loop free routed environment.
D. CDP does indeed operate at layer 2, but it doest not provide for a loop free topology. CDP is used by Cisco devices to discover information about their neighbors.
E. VTP is the VLAN Trunking Protocol, used to pass VLAN information through switches. It relies on the STP mechanism to provide a loop free network.

Question 9.
By default, which of the following factors determines the spanning-tree path cost?

A. It is the individual link cost based on latency
B. It is the sum of the costs based on bandwidth
C. It is the total hop count
D. It is dynamically determined based on load
E. None of the above

Answer:  B

Explanation:
"The STP cost is an accumulated total path cost based on the available bandwidth of each of the links."

Reference: Sybex CCNA Study Guide 4th Edition (Page 323)
Note: A path cost value is given to each port. The cost is typically based on a guideline established as part of 802.1d. According to the original specification, cost is 1,000 Mbps (1 gigabit per second) divided by the bandwidth of the segment connected to the port. Therefore, a 10 Mbps connection would have a cost of (1,000/10) 100. To compensate for the speed of networks increasing beyond the gigabit range, the standard cost has been slightly modified. 
The new cost values are: You should also note that the path cost can be an arbitrary value assigned by the network administrator, instead of one of the standard cost values.
 

Incorrect Answers:
A, D: The STP process does not take into account the latency or load of a link. STP does not recalculate the link costs dynamically.
C. Hop counts are used by RIP routers to calculate the cost of a route to a destination. The STP process resides at layer 2 of the OSI model, where hop counts are not considered.

Question 10.
What is the purpose of the spanning-tree algorithm in a switched LAN?

A. To provide a monitoring mechanism for networks in switched environments.
B. To manage VLANs across multiple switches.
C. To prevent switching loops in networks with redundant switched paths.
D. To segment a network into multiple collision domains.
E. To prevent routing loops in networks.

Answer:  C

Explanation:
STP is used in LANs with redundant paths or routes to prevent loops in a layer 2 switched or bridged LAN.

Incorrect Answers:
A, B: The primary purpose of STP is to prevent loops, not for monitoring or management of switches or VLANs.
D. VLANs are used to segment a LAN into multiple collision domains, but the STP process alone does not do this.
E. Routers are used to prevent routing loops at layer 3 of the OSI model. STP operates at layer 2.


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